Rheumatic Heart Disease
Rheumatic heart disease is an inflammatory condition caused by an infection, typically associated with a bacterium called Streptococcus. This bacterium is commonly found in upper respiratory tract infections, such as throat infections. The infection damages various tissues in the body, particularly affecting the heart valves.
What is Rheumatic Heart Disease?
It is the general term for heart conditions caused by an infectious disease known as rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is a widespread illness often triggered by a bacterial infection, commonly known as Streptococcus.
What Causes Rheumatic Heart Disease?
The primary cause of rheumatic heart disease is the entry of the Streptococcus bacterium, which leads to rheumatic fever.
When individuals with strep throat infection develop an immune response, their immune system produces antibodies against the Streptococcus bacterium. However, some individuals are more susceptible to Streptococcus bacteria, and their immune system may not be sufficiently effective. In such cases, the immune system produces antibodies against the Streptococcus bacterium while also attacking its own tissues. This autoimmune response can cause inflammation and damage to the heart and other tissues.
What are the Rheumatic Heart Disease Symptoms?
Common symptoms include:
- Fever
- Joint pain and swelling
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
- Rapid or irregular heartbeat
- Fatigue
- Skin rashes
- Restricted joint movement
- Weakness
Does Rheumatic Heart Disease Damage Heart Valves?
Yes, it can cause damage and impairment to heart valves. The most commonly affected heart valves by rheumatic fever are the mitral valve (located between the left atrium and left ventricle) and the aortic valve (located between the left ventricle and the aorta).
Rheumatic heart disease leads to inflammation and the formation of scar tissue in these valves. This hinders the normal functioning of the valves and can result in stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage) problems.
How to Diagnose It?
Diagnosis is typically made through a series of tests and evaluations, including:
- Patient history and physical examination
- Blood tests
- Echocardiography
- Electrocardiography (ECG)
Rheumatic Heart Disease Treatment
The treatment of rheumatic heart disease typically involves an approach that encompasses the following goals:
- Infection treatment: Antibiotic therapy targeting the bacterium causing the streptococcal infection is administered.
- Anti-inflammatory medication to reduce inflammation: Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or corticosteroids may be used.
- Repair or replacement of heart valves: Surgical intervention may be required in cases of severe valve damage.
- Symptom management: Other medications may be used to alleviate symptoms.
- Management of heart disease risk factors: Individuals with rheumatic heart disease are at an increased risk of developing heart disease. Therefore, lifestyle changes such as blood pressure control, low-fat and low-salt diet, regular exercise, avoiding smoking, and stress management are recommended.
- Regular monitoring and follow-up: It is important for individuals with rheumatic heart disease to undergo regular medical check-ups and monitor their heart health.
Frequently Asked Questions
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It is most commonly seen in childhood and young adulthood. Strep throat infection, which causes rheumatic fever, is frequently observed in childhood. However, not every strep throat infection results in rheumatic heart disease. Susceptibility to rheumatic fever is determined by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors.
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It typically develops within 2 to 3 weeks following a strep throat infection. However, if left untreated, the process can be prolonged and lead to permanent heart damage.
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It is a treatable condition, and early initiation of treatment is important in preventing or limiting heart damage.
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It is generally an acute illness that is a complication of rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever occurs after an acute infection and usually resolves within a specific period when treated. However, rheumatic heart disease can cause permanent damage to heart valves and become a chronic condition.
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It is important for patients with it to follow a healthy eating plan. The dietary recommendations include:
- Low-salt diet: Reducing salt intake helps prevent fluid retention and lighten the workload on the heart.
- Consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables: Fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C and other antioxidants strengthen the immune system.
- Low-fat proteins: Preferred protein sources should include low-fat options such as chicken, fish, and turkey.
- Healthy fats: Healthy fat sources like olive oil, avocado, nuts, and almonds should be chosen.
- Whole grains: Whole grains such as whole wheat bread, oatmeal, and brown rice are rich in fiber and support heart health.
- Sodium intake control: Consumption of processed foods, ready-made soups, pickles, and other high-sodium foods should be limited.
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The ability of individuals with rheumatic heart disease to participate in sports depends on the severity of the it, the condition of the heart valves, and the individual's overall health. In most cases, individuals with it is encouraged to engage in regular exercise and physical activity. However, it is important to consult a healthcare professional and follow their recommendations.